Trentino: a land of meeting
The Trentino is par excellence a land of encounters. Strategic passage in the Alps since ancient times, the land is marked by Trent millennial meeting of German and Italian cultures. The region of the Autonomous Province of Trento is located in the extreme north of Italy, among the Dolomite mountains, at the beginning of the Alps. Its valleys and mountains enchanted by the natural beauty and simplicity and the friendliness of its people.
The predominant language is Italian, followed by the Ladino (Latin spoken in Val di Fassa, Val di Non and Val di Sole) and German (also spoken in Val dei Mòcheni and Luserna). Ancient and historically important, the Trentino has yet aware of his Gaulish origin, was also called in German by Welsch Tyrol (Tirol Frenchman, Italian). Trent already had its capital in the Roman period an important place (Tridentum), one of the landmarks of the Roman conquest in Gaul.
Politically, the Autonomous Province of Trento is attached to the Autonomous Province of Bolzano (Autonome Provinz Bozen), which together form the Autonomous Region Trentino-Alto Adige / Südtirol. The region is the southern portion of Tyrol historical they stayed together until 1918 at the Northern Tyrol (Nordtirol / Osttirol), today in Austria. While the language of Trentino is historically the Italian, the language is German Tyrol, and Tyrol in Austria.
History of Trentino
The Trentino-South Tyrol is one of the European areas with greater flow of tourists, an environment full of beautiful mountain scenery, and charming medieval towns and historic castles. We also focus on producing good and renowned wines produced in different valleys, especially in the Valley of the Adige River (main river in the region).
Tyrol historical
- Tirol - Austria
- Südtirol (Alto Adige) - Italy
Between Austria and Italy
Trentino was the scene of a dispute between Austria and Italy when the national states began to emerge in Europe. There were difficult moments, which often shared the opinion of the population Trentino. Mainly because of their strategic passage through the Alps, the region suffered some wars.
Much of the current Trent area was administered by the Church, and administrative responsibility for the Prince-Bishop of Trento. The institution of the episcopal principality dating back to the eleventh century, when the divisions of fiefs in the Roman Empire of Charlemagne. Nobles ruled much of the Bavarian alpine region, which has gradually been making their historical identity, especially with the beginning of what would eventually become the Austrian Empire. In the twelfth century, the Counts of Tyrol Castle (Schloss Tirol / Tirol Castel) in the town of Meran (Südtirol) increased its importance in the region, including the areas of Trento and Brixen Church (Bressanone). The importance of the Tyrolean county grow mainly because its rulers are the most important Austrian royal lineage - the Habsburg. With the administration divided between the Church and the Earls, the region that now comprises the Trentino, South Tyrol and the Austrian Tyrol for centuries formed the Swiss Tyrolese, who had two strong governments, Count Tyrolean (based in Meran and later in Innsbruck) and the bishop of Trent (based in Trento), important but less influential was the bishopric of Brixen (headquartered in Brixen / Bressanone).
This organization had during its history cases of territorial disputes and political internal, because the counts and princes, bishops have themselves feudatories which administered the valleys. Moreover, there was virtually autonomous communities, which had total control of valleys and small areas (such as the Magnificent Community of Fiemme, in Trentino). Only in the eighteenth century, the French invasion led by Napoleon, there were policy changes in the region. Napoleon ended the Holy Roman Empire led by the House of Austria and ceded control of the Kingdom of Bavaria Tyrolean region, which became known Südbayern (southern Bavaria). This measure deeply dissatisfied population attached to their values \u200b\u200band traditions. Encouraged by the noble patriots and the clergy, the peasants began to organize resistance groups, which culminated in the Tyrolean uprising. The prince-bishop of Trent took refuge before the arrival of French troops, but the clergy (especially the Capuchin Franciscan friars) was mobilized to assist the population in resistance. The Tyrolean uprising
1809, led by Andreas Hofer came up with not accepting the new government and new ideas brought by the Franco-Bavarian occupation. Born in the small town of San Leonardo (Sankt Leonhard-Passeiertal) in the current Südtirol, a devout Catholic and very attached to the traditions of his region, Andreas Hofer led the troops of the shooters (in German Schützen in trentino Sìzzeri) and was responsible for the recovery of the hands of the Tyrolean Bavarian allies to Napoleon. The government in Vienna was under Napoleon, but supported by much of the clergy and the brother of the emperor, the Tyrolean troops organized shooters, which the Trentino amounted to 18 thousand volunteers.
In 1809, with the conquest of Innsbruck (capital of Tyrol), brought up a provisional government and striking a Christian slant, which lasted until 1810. Of Trentino entered on defense, 4,000 were killed in battle. A great hero of the resistance Trent was the Negrelli Giuseppina, born in the region of Primiero. Josephine was the sister of Giuseppe Negrelli, a renowned engineer and creator of the Suez Canal. Like her, Catherine Lang Val Gardena (South Tyrol), fought heroically against the invading Franco-Bavarian, Tyrolean helping the Patriots defense in the valleys.
The interim government has received more aid from Vienna who feared the French threat. However, popular resistance against Napoleon was the first, thus showing that the military was not invincible corso. Without the help of Vienna, Andreas Hofer was persecuted, imprisoned and later killed in Mantova, since Napoleon (through occupation) seized while the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. In 1810, the area that comprises the Trentino and South Tyrol was built by Napoleon to the United Italic. In the same year, Austria goes to war against France. This resistance Tyrolean marked the beginning of the casualties of France when Napoleon's low in Russia will then be dethroned. Austria takes over 1813 Trentino and Buonconsiglio Castle (seat of ecclesiastical government), secularized the government of Prince-Bishop and incorporating their domains to the State of Tyrol and officially in 1816 and remained so for over a century.
WWI
World War I marked the history of Trent as a period of ideological and political disputes, the population's suffering and human losses. At the end of World War I (1918), is the annexation of the southern portion of the Tyrol to Italy. Began work in Trentino a quest for self-government, work that already existed on the part of deputies in the Diet Tyrolean Trentino, in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Empire - it is worth highlighting the work of important characters for autonomy as Alcide De Gasperi and Father Lorenzo Guetta. In 1926
fascism comes to the region. It is forbidden to use the German language in Val Fersina (Trentino) and in the Tyrol, and began the process of Italianization the region (without much success, but with many consequences). Mussolini sent settlers coming mainly from southern Italy and other regions to work and live in the Trentino and the Tyrol, in an attempt to merge the public and Italianise them permanently.
With the crisis between the people and government of Mussolini, was the sad episode known as the Option (an agreement between Hitler and Mussolini which provided for the repatriation German Tyrolean they entered the lands of the Reich), many South Tyrolean left their land to follow into the Austrian Tyrol, in search of freedom to use the German language and culture. Unfortunately, many have had their dreams frustrated because they were forced to become settlers in the lands of the then German-occupied Czechoslovakia. With the end of the war, many returned to their villages and some were in Austria or Germany.
In 1940, Italy made war on Germany's side, with the Italian casualties of the war, the Germans come in defense of the Alps in 1943 and now control the entire Trentino-Südtirol Ladino population and area of \u200b\u200bthe Veneto (Belluno); Hitler dictates the creation of Alpervorland (Pre-Alps region), in order to aggregate the populations formerly Austrian the German Reich. In 1945 ending World War II and the region returns to the Italian government, the German language is no longer forbidden to yodel and remains the official language of the Tyrol.
The quest for autonomy
Alcide De Gasperi was of great importance to independence, he worked towards this cause from Austrian rule and became the "president of the Trentino reconstruction." Born in Pieve (Tesino), studied in Vienna from 1900 to 1902 and fought for the rights of yodel Italian language, with construction projects of Italian universities, including the German-speaking Tyrol, directed the Catholic newspaper La Voce Cattolica, changing its name to Il Trentino, increasing thus its position in favor of the Italian linguistic identity of their region.
is elected in 1911 in Vienna, participated after the First War of procedures for the annexation of Trentino in the Italian kingdom. Never attended the irredentist movement (which sought to separate the Trentino from Austria and its union with Italy), but he could defend the Trentino culture without causing ailments with the German-speaking population of Südtirol, historically united and attached to the Trentino.
In 1946, he signed the Paris agreement between Alcide De Gasperi (Trentino) and Alfons Gruber (Südtirol), confirming the Italian-Austrian border in 1918, but provides greater autonomy for the German-speaking population of Südtirol in a framework that included the Trentino, in its peculiar history. In 1948 the Italian Parliament approved the first special autonomy of the Trentino-Alto Adige / Südtirol. In 1961, discontent with the forcible Italianization, began the attacks caused in the South Tyrolean valleys in search of a forcible annexation of the region with Austria, there was a small part Trentino, and the problem was referred to the UN. The German-speaking area was initially designated as Alto Adige-Tiroler Etschland (Tyrolean territory in the Alto Adige), transformed in 1971 to South Tyrol (Alto Adige in Italian). In 1972 came the new statute of autonomy, which will be fully implemented only in 1992. In 1993, the first Italian president visits Vienna after a century of diplomatic tensions. There was also great incentives for populations of Ladino-speaking Trentino and the Tyrol.
With the European Union and free access between European countries, many of the political problems were put aside and projects such as the Instituto Italo-Germanic become reality, the differences that seem to forgotten wars imposed and with the large influx of tourists. The regions of Trentino Alto Adige and Tyrol unite culturally and economically. Historical figures as Andreas Hofer and Alcide De Gasperi are still remembered with great prestige in the region, mainly because she never wish to discord between the people of Tyrolean Italian, German and Ladin.
Immigration
The great period of emigration to Brazil Trent was in the late nineteenth century. The political weakness of the Austro-Hungarian casualties in agriculture brought much misery to several European regions. The political Europe is not was easy and many families were forced to immigrate Trent since before the First World War. The vast majority were peasants, who due to various crises, opted for immigration.
Seeking live in new lands, many were attracted to America because of the emigration propaganda that the American countries did. The Empire of Brazil had a trade in the Tyrol of emigration, which attracted many peasants with promises of land and wealth in the new lands - which were actually seeking manpower for coffee plantations and personnel to the occupation of Southern Brazil. It is estimated that the number of emigrants to Brazil Tyrolean was approximately 30 000, especially coming out of the land Trent (with that whole regions of Trentino had a great drop in the population).
The countries that received more immigrants Trentino were Brazil, Argentina and the United States. There was, however, immigration within Europe, for Austria, Germany, France, England and Yugoslavia, as well as other regions of Italy. For several other locations, Trentino workers went in search of better living conditions, but it was not always what they found. Difficulties with the adaptation, language, housing and employment meant that entire colonies suffered years of poverty, second only in succeeding generations.
Trentino in Brazil
Brazil was one of the countries that received immigrants Tyrolean (all regions) and the number of immigrants coming out of the Trentino region exceeds the number of 25 000. Today, descendants of the yodel in Brazil (direct and indirect) have already surpassed the number 200 000. In Brazil, Trentino settled mainly in the South and Southeast. In the State of colonization is higher in Trentino region and Piracicaba, São Paulo, ABC Paulista Campinas region, Jundiaí, quarry and other areas with less presence.
In Sao Paulo most went to the field, working mainly with coffee. Immigrants also helped Brazil in the introduction and cultivation of vines, helping to develop the national wine production. In cities, immigrants have helped to develop the industry and established businesses. Cities with most of the population of Trentino origin can be found in the State of Santa Catarina, as Nova Trento (land of Santa Paulina), the Cedar River and Rodeo, but also, and several other cities.
been developed in Brazil from 1970's Circles Trentino (Trentini Circolo del Brasile), initiated by the Associazione Trentini nel Mondo based in Trento - Italy that seeks to redeem the bond at the Trentino emigrants. The circles are entities formed by the descendants who work with various civic and cultural activities for the preservation of identity Trent and also in obtaining Italian citizenship for the descendants of emigrants from Trentino, South Tyrolean and Italian of the former Austro-Hungarian (Friuli Venezia Giulia and Veneto's part). The circles are linked to the Brazilian Federation of Circles Trentino in Brazil (Federazione Circolo Trentini in Brasile).
Folklore trentino
folkloric manifestations are the greatest expression of joy and freedom trentino the people. The Alpine region has different traditions, mostly kept in small villages among the hills and valleys, and particularly in the region Trentino you can find some of the oldest folkloric events of the Alps, which remain unique for many centuries.
The dances are remnants of a time without technology, where they were used for popular entertainment after a day's work, each dance has in it the way of thinking and living of its people and thus bring the dances joy and simplicity of Trentino.
Costumes
The Tyrolean costumes vary from region to region and are often models that were used daily until the nineteenth century, especially in rural areas. The dance costumes are practically the same that were used for field work, cutting firewood from the forests and in domestic work. However, for parties, costumes get special characters that differed from those of day-to-day.
Each region has an own costume, which makes one of the Trentino region rich in costumes, with different colors and shapes in each valley.
To see some costumes Trentino, visit this site: http://www.grupotirol.com/Trentino.htm - Grupo Tirol - SP
The rhythms Trentino
folk music meets the standards Tyrolean Trentino, which in turn are among those alpine folklore. However, each region has its own way to perform the dances and rhythms. The border regions also had influences and so it was common to find in northern Tirol and Bavarian music of origin in northern Germany, and Trentino, music originating from the Italian provinces of Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy.
rhythms that marked the ancient dances could be called typical in different ways across fields of German, Italian and Ladin.
Tirol / Südtirol
Trentino
Walzer
Valzer
Landler Landler
Polka Polka, Smolfrina
Boarischer
Pairis, Paris
schottisch, Rheinländer
Scotisch Scotia
Mazurka, Mazurka Masolka
, Mansullka, Masolka
Zwiefacher
Mezzo Valzer
Siebenschritt
Settepassi
Marsch Marcia
Here are some interesting links on folklore trentino:
Folklore and traditional culture - Europe
Folklorist Caldonazzo Gruppo - Gruppo Trentino
Folklorist Castel Tesino - Gruppo Trentino
Folklorist Canazei - Trentino
Folk Group St. Ulrich - Alto Adige
Group Sìzzeri Vielgereuth - Folgaria - Trentino
Group Sìzzeri Primor - Primiero - Trentino South Tyrol
Schutzenbund - Alto Adige
Institut Ladin - Val di Fassa - Trentino
Group Abies Alba - Traditional music thirty
SAT - Society of Mountain Trentini
Radio Dolomiti - Trento - Italy
tradicional folklore and culture - Brasil
Grupo Folclórico Schuhplattler Tirol - São Paulo - SP
Grupo Folclórico Santa Olimpia - Piracicaba - SP
Folk Group Nea Tridentum - Nova Trento - SC
Treze - City of Treze - SC
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